Four Narrative Positions in Fictions Essay

In fiction novels, one of the most important elements is the authoritative narrator. The narration is the part of the material which guides the readers and keeps them in track of how the story goes. Without this element, everything will be left onto the readers, like the parts of analysis and interpretation, which may lead to confusion. There are several kinds of narrations when it comes to fiction writing. However, although all narrative styles may appear helpful guiding the readers throughout the rest of a novel, the narrative style with the utmost access to the characters consciousness is always the most effective and affective to the readers. John Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†: Outside Privileged Narration Looking at the narrative style of John Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums,† it can be observed that the narrator speaks consistently in the third-person point of view. This is a one of the major properties of outside privileged narration. Another observable characteristic of the narrative position of this novel is that it has all the access to the characters’ emotions, views, feelings, and inner thoughts. The narrator seems to have all the knowledge in terms of how the characters feel as presented in this line: â€Å"Her face was eager and mature and handsome; even her work with the scissors was overeager, over-powerful. The chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy† (Steinbeck page #). Aside from this, the narrator of this story also seems to have the ability to analyze the events it the story as well as the thoughts and dialogues of the characters, which is another distinct characteristic of an outside privileged narrator. This can be observed in the following line: â€Å"Here, for instance, the claustrophobic world of Elisa Allen is signaled by the claustrophobic clouds pressing in on the valley. This frustrated woman will never break free† (Steinbeck page #). Lastly, the narrator nonetheless appears credible since its presence has been close enough to the author’s views. Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour†: Outside Effaced Narration In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, it can be easily seen that the identity of the story does not dwell much on the characters. just like in the â€Å"The Chrysanthemums,† the narrator here also tells the tale in the third-person, all-knowing point of view. However, as compared to the first short story, the narrator in this story does not have much access to the characters’ feelings and thoughts as reflected in this line which barely tells the outside manifestation of the characters’ emotions: â€Å"She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sisters’ arms† (Chopin page #). Moreover, the narrator also does not convey much about its presence as it can be observed that it does not always give sufficient descriptions and analysis, as presented in this line as well: â€Å"The delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares† (Chopin page #). Also, this narrator is reliable in the sense that it shows the characters’ actions and describes what they are supposedly thinking and feeling, specifically that of Louise’s. However, it does not present the inner voice of the characters, nor does it express its own comments about the happenings in the story. Ralph Ellison â€Å"Battle Royal†: Inside Dramatized Narration In Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"Battle Royal,† the narrator appears as the character that is presented as the focus and identity of the novel. The narrator uses first-person pronouns which implies that he, himself is the character of the story which stars him. Unlike the short stories discussed earlier, the narrator in this story has the most access to the characters’ consciousness and feelings as he himself is the character of his own story – which makes his lines more affective and believable. This line clearly presents this attribute: â€Å"I saw them start up the steps and felt suddenly as though my head would split† (Ellison page #). Aside from this, there seems to be no question regarding the domination of the narrator in this story as he himself acts as the one who relates his own experiences: â€Å"Oh God, this wasn’t it at all. Poor techniques and not at all what I intended [†¦] Dispossessed? I cried holding up my hand and allowing the word to whistle from my throat. ‘That’s a good word, Dispossessed! Dispossessed† (Ellison page #). However, in most parts, there seem to be some questions regarding the narrator’s reliability as his and others’ knowledge in the story will always seen insufficient and not all-knowing. William Faulkner â€Å"A Rose for Emily†: Inside Restricted Narrator Just like Steinbeck’s and Chopin’s stories that were presented previously, the identity in this story is not focused on the characters. Also, it holds some similarity with the first two stories as this was also told in the third-person point of view. However, what is different in this story is that it only holds access to the consciousness of some characters and not all, as presented in the following lines: â€Å"The heart of the Rose expanded in kindness to every human being; in tenderness to the dumb creation; and for the vegetable, she felt an enthusiastic admiration. Her unaffected gaiety, and artless fullness would frequently inspire and ease in the manner of naturally reserved Emily† (Fau1kner page #). With regard to the narrator’s domination in the story, it can be seen that it constantly speaks through its own voice at times, yet there are also instances when it combines its thoughts with the character’s views: â€Å"Praise, however indirect, to her mother, always brought a flush of joy to the cheeks of Rose; she gave Emily a kiss of gratitude, and then turned to her flowers† (Fau1kner page #). In terms of the narrator’s reliability, it seems limited in the sense that it presents the shared consciousness of the townsfolk (as the narrator is deemed as the townsfolk due to the constant use of personal pronouns in plural form such as we), but it does not have access to the consciousness of all the characters, especially to the consciousness of Emily as well as the characters close to her (e. g. , the black servant). Upon exploring the different narrative styles in the aforementioned stories, it can be inferred that the reliability of the narrator definitely depends upon how well he or she is knowledgeable about the story and upon whether he or she has access to the characters’ consciousness. Moreover, although all the above-mentioned narrative styles help in guiding the readers throughout the novels, the one which possesses the utmost ability to influence and move the readers still appears to be the narrative style with utmost access to the characters’ feelings and emotions, which is the inside dramatized narrative style. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour. † Literature for Composition: Essays, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 8th ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. pages #s. Ellison, Ralph. â€Å"Battle Royal. † Literature for Composition: Essays, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 8th ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. pages #s.

Organizational Culture - 2122 Words

Running Head: Culture Culture Introduction Effectiveness is regarded as the most suitable factor to measure the success of any organization. Besides this, there are certain things due to which this effectiveness can be achieved and culture is one of them. A good organizational culture is a key factor in achieving effectiveness. However, on the other hand, some of the researchers are opposed to this fact and according to them; there is no impact of culture on organizational effectiveness. Body An organizational culture can be defined as a group of different features that differentiates an organization from another organization. A number of researchers have defined the organizational culture as a beliefs, values and customs of an organization. These values and customs are delivered to each employee by the management of an organization. In this modern era of globalization, organizations are competing with each other and in this war of competition, maintaining an organizational culture is highly imperative. There are multiple reasons for this and one of the most significant reasons is to achieve effectiveness (Daft, pg. 34,2010). In the corporate world, the term effectiveness is referred as the level up to which goals and objectives are accomplished. There are many factors, which are accountable for achieving the desired goals and targets, and culture is one of those factors. Culture is divided into two broad categories that are weak and strong. A strong culture is theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Culture And Organizational Culture1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of culture in the organization The organization culture as a leadership concept has been identified as one of the many components that leaders can use to grow a dynamic organization. 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By end of 1998 there was evidence of a crisis and since then the company has been on a decline. The company has been ignoring market changes and trying to maintain its corporate image and identity. This has caused the customers to drift to more fashionable brands causing huge loss of business to Quinlan. Presently the company is on a restructuringRead MoreDefining Organizational Culture : An Organization2382 Words   |  10 PagesDefining Organizational Culture With numerous meanings given to organizational culture, scholars claim that the field is grounded in the shared assumptions, attitudes, and behaviors accepted and enacted by employees within an organization, which affect its performance and overall welfare (Belias Koustelios, 2014). Another widespread definition of organizational communication often used by organizational scholars states that: â€Å"Organizational culture is the pattern of basic assumptions that a groupRead MoreQuestions On Organizational Culture And Leadership914 Words   |  4 PagesSchein, E (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership. 2nd ed., San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Edgar Schein outlines those characteristics in better understanding and assessing the culture and climate of an organization. A lot energy and emphasis is focused on the identification and application of an organization’s guiding principles. Schein suggests that our guiding values and principles are important, but it is in the organizations structure, culture, action that describes the true character

Human Behavior and Racism Backgrounds

Human Behavior and Racism Backgrounds It is absolutely clear that any manifestation of racism bears most negative implications. However, with a closer look and no extra emotional compound, racism can merely be regarded as an idea of diversity, described in respective scientific works. Nevertheless, mentioning any of ethnic, social, political and ideological differences today potentially indicates morbid inequality, violent action, abuse speech, all sorts of prejudice, discrimination and oppression. The phenomenon of racism counts centuries of history, though it is declared to be actively fought against. We live in a quite a versatile world. The natural equilibrium of ecosystems lies on its participants’ diversity, where none is claimed to be second-rate or irrelevant. The same principles of nature are applicable to humans. There are billions of people on the Earth; therefore, it is natural that we are different. However, none of the animals shows any trait of discriminative behavior or groundless violence, while humans do. Holocausts, Ku Klux Clans and Pogroms have already become a steady component of the way we perceive the world and build our attitude. Therefore, it is not the idea of diversity that causes racism, but the way we consider it. Violence on ethnicity grounds is based on a simple life instinct, a reaction of â€Å"fight or flight† principle, initially working out in vicinity of danger. Any feeling of dislike or non-admission toward other species of our kind might be a strong derivative of this reaction. We only tend to adapt ideological components post factum in order to gain social approval and hide primitive thinking. Without this component any violence is nothing but primitive action. A racism phenomenon, therefore, is based more on primitive thinking and individual immaturity, rather than on ideology. This provides a new vantage point to racism backgrounds based on individual human behavior.

Consent Is Thought to Be Morally Transformative of...

2. Consent is thought to be morally transformative of peoples conduct toward each other. Where sex is concerned, it is all but universally regarded as necessary to make sexual conduct legitimate. But the question is then, is consent also sufficient? Discuss both yes and no answers to this question, using Soble, Wertheimer, West and/or Primoratz. Finally, which seems the best supported answer? TAKE OUT HEADINGS AND ADD A COVER PAGE I will begin this paper in support of the liberal theory recognized on sexual morality being upheld that whatever is consented to will be permissible, thus what is not consented will be impermissible. I also support that the consenting participants should be competent and well informed without coercion†¦show more content†¦Primoratz counter argues that consent is the touchstone of morally permissible sex nonetheless acknowledges that it is invaluable when discussing ideals of human sexuality. He also argues that in regards to consent that it can be ‘morally decisive over a wide range of action’ and that it is not justified to treat sex special. Consent is to Primoratz ‘indeed enough’ in sexual acts but is critical of the claim that consent to sex is at best necessary, but not sufficent. He generalizes sexual consent on the same level of all moral responsibilities with gives reason to the idea of consent ca n be implemented to cover all moral issues. This generalization of consent being a criterion of all moral responsibilties is unrealistic in a discussion of sexual morality. Morality criterion requires multiple factors beyond an individual consent on the account of such consentual activities as recreational drug use and voluntary euthanasia as it would eliminate opportunity for moral discourse. In spite of that the idea of consent has many levels of specification which could morally be concerning of well-being and autonomy under adequate strong understanding of consent under a collection of area-specified understanding of consent Primoratz insubstaintial anaylsis of consent being the ‘difference between murder and voluntary euthanasia† is considerably distant of the idea of consent. However consent does differentiate the two subjects it

Making Scotch Free Essays

Scotch whiskey is traditionally made with just barley and water.   Also referred to as malt whiskey, Scotch, in the beginning of the production process, requires barley grains to be steeped in water until they sprout.   The germinating barley is generally spread on the floor of a malting house where it continues to develop over the course of a week or two. We will write a custom essay sample on Making Scotch or any similar topic only for you Order Now The grains are turned over regularly during this malting period, using a â€Å"paddle† to allow air to get at them and to encourage even development.   The starch in the barley turns to sugar, and germination is stopped at the optimum time by placing the barley in an oven or kiln.   Traditionally, Scotch makers used peat fired ovens to give the Scotch its peaty, smoky taste.   Some distilleries continue to retain the peaty flavor of Scotch today by burning peat and blowing the smoke over the grain. Once the barley is dry, it is milled to produce a floury substance called â€Å"grist.†Ã‚   This substance is rich in sugar, and mixed with hot water to create a â€Å"mash.†Ã‚   The mash is placed in a large cylindrical metal vessel or container called a â€Å"mash tun.†Ã‚   In order to release the sugars, the contents of the mash tun are stirred regularly.   At the conclusion of this process, a liquid known as â€Å"wort† is produced.   This hot, sweet, non-alcoholic liquid is transferred to a large wooden â€Å"washback,† which is similar to a giant wooden pail that is commonly made from Oregon pine or Cypress, both of which are highly resistant to fungi. The yeast is added in the washback to begin the fermentation process.   During this process, the sugar in the wort is turned into alcohol as the solution bubbles and foams furiously before gradually slowing down.   The sugar is converted over a period of two to four days.   At the end of  this process, the alcohol content of the product is no more than approximately 8-9%.   The Scotch is not ready, and so the liquid wash must be distilled down to the required alcohol content. Distillation is the next major step in Scotch making.   This process takes place in copper pot stills that have a distinctive, swan-neck shape.   The shape of the stills and the length of the neck determine the character of the final product. Typically, there are two kinds of stills involved in the distillation process: the wash still and the spirit still.   The first is used to produce the first distillation, referred to as â€Å"low wines.†Ã‚   This product is distilled for the second time in the spirit still before it is collected as the strong distilled spirit.   This spirit is not useable, however.   Hence, it is diverted into a receiving tank.   The final product of the second distillation is not useable either.   But it is saved to be added to the next batch of low wines. The glass-fronted â€Å"spirit safe† is where the spirit is tested with a hydrometer as it leaves the pot stills.   In Scotland, this safe is heavily padlocked by the Customs Excise to prevent any possibility of the distillery siphoning off the spirit in order to avoid the payment of legal duty on it. Following this formality, the final spirit is collected in the receiving tank.   It is now prepared to go into barrels for the next stage of the Scotch making process – maturation.   Scotch whiskey is normally stored in barrels that have been previously used.   It takes around three years at least to call it Scotch, however.   Maturation may take anything from three years to twenty years.   Before it is matured, the Scotch is simply referred to as spirit. During the process of maturation, around 2% of the spirit is lost each year due to evaporation.   Once the malt whiskey has been matured for the required time, it can be bottled and labeled.   However, if it is to be used as part of a blended whiskey, the master blender would â€Å"nose† each  whiskey to determine its characteristics and to ensure that the consistency of the specific blend is maintained. Blenders may include in the final blend as many as thirty or forty different malt and grain whiskeys.   The blender is also responsible for ensuring that a particular blend retains its consistency over a number of years.   For this reason, the blender’s nose must be skilled. Coloring is added at this point to the Scotch, and the drink is chill-filtered so as to remove the oils that cause cloudiness when ice is added.   The prepared whiskey, whether blended or not, is then transferred to the bottling plant where it is bottled using automated methods.   It is also noteworthy that some of the processes mentioned in the making of Scotch are now automated.   As an example, barley may be turned or â€Å"ploughed† with automatic paddles as opposed to manually during the grain germination process.   The chief fermentation and distillation processes, however, have largely remained unchanged in the last couple of hundred years. Bibliography 1.   Distillery Journey: Making Scotch Whiskey. (1998). Cocktail Times. Retrieved from http://www.cocktailtimes.com/distillery/making_scotch.shtml. (15 March 2007). 2. Making Scotch Whiskey: A Brief Explanation of the Traditional Method. (2005). Loch Lomond Distillers. Retrieved from http://www.lochlomonddistillery.com/making-scotch.htm. (15 March 2007).    How to cite Making Scotch, Essay examples

Nicaragua Case free essay sample

The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. nternational custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. ’ A rule must derive from one of these sources in order to be considered international law. ’ Custom in international law is a practice followed by those concerned because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a way. Custom must be distinguished from mere usage, such as behavior which may be done out of courtesy, friendship or convenience rather than out of legal obligation or a feeling that non-compliance would produce legal consequences, for example sanctions imposed by other members of the international community. We will write a custom essay sample on Nicaragua Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is also a requirement for opinion juris. The source judicial  decisions  and scholarly writings are subsidiary means for the determination of the law. Both municipal and international judicial  decisions  can serve to establish new principles and rules. As said before the judges also relied on international customary as a source. A rule of customary international law identified in the case would be the principle of non-intervention. The Principle of nonintervention as used in International law refers to a rule that a country should not interfere in the internal affairs of another country. The rule is based upon the principles of state sovereignty and self-determination. This principle is also embodied in Article 2(7) of the U. N. Charter which binds it from intervening â€Å"in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state. †   The judgest in the case state that ‘It therefore finds that the support given by the United States to the military and paramilitary activities of the  contras  in Nicaragua, by financial support, training, supply of weapons, intelligence and logistic support, constitutes a clear breach of the principle of non-intervention. ’ The judicial decisions which find their legal grounds in article 38 of the UNC are part of case law. Case law is the decisions, interpretations made by judges while deciding on the legal issues before them which are considered as the common law or as an aid for interpretation of a law in subsequent cases with similar conditions. Case laws are used by advocates to support their views to favor their clients and also it influence the decision of the judges. The ICJ refers to the following judicial decisions in the Nicaragua case; * Corfu Channel * Contadora Process * Fisheries Jurisdiction * cf. Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 * Northern Cameroons * Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) Nuclear Tests General principles are essentially provide a mechanism to address international issues not already subject either to treaty provisions or to binding customary rules. Such general principles may arise either through municipal law or through international law, and many are in fact procedural or evidential principles or those that deal with the machinery of the judicial pro cess. One of the most important principle of international law is that of  good faith. It governs the creation and performance of legal obligations and is the foundation of treaty law. Another important general principle is that of equity, which permits international law to have a degree of  flexibility in its application and enforcement. In the Nicaragua case the judges refer to the principle of the equality of the parties, it states that it has to remain a basic principle. The case speaks of the latin maxium jura novit curia which is a general principle of law. The latin maxim jura novit curia is used to express the fact that the court knows the law, or in other words that there is no need for the parties to plead the law or to prove the law that applies to the case. It has traditionally been claimed that jura novit curia applies in civil law systems but not in common law systems. However, this claim has been made with varying finality. The case states that ’ For the purpose of deciding whether the claim is well founded in law, the principle jura novit curia signifies that the Court is not solely dependent on the argument of the parties before it with respect to the applicable law (cf. Lotus, P. C. I. J. , Series A, No. 10, p. 31), so that the absence of one party has less impact. This would mean for the opinion of the court that although one party is absent there is no question of a judgment automatically in favour of the party appearing, since the Court is required to satisfy itself that that partys claim is well founded in fact and law. This essay shows that the Nicaragua cases relies on all kinds of sources of international law. It shows us that law can be found in more than one place and that there can be more rules who are on the sam e issue but differs from source e. g. rules of customary law and treaty law as stated in the case.

Herpes Essay Research Paper HERPESSIMPLEX free essay sample

Herpes Essay, Research Paper HERPES-SIMPLEX # 8211 ; TYPE 2 Herpes is a name that is used to depict several types of tegument eruptions that are characterized by formation of blisters. The term embraces chiefly two distinguishable upsets, herpes simplex and herpes shingles, both caused by viruses. Together, these # 8220 ; herpes # 8221 ; viruses are estimated to do more human unwellnesss than any other group of viruses. Two types of herpes simplex are known. The first causes cold sores or febrility blisters, which is an eruption of blisters that frequently occurs during the class of or after one of a assortment of diseases that finally cause febrility ( most normally mean colds, the grippe, and pneumonia ) . The blisters normally appear around the oral cavity and on the lips ( herpes labialis ) , about the olfactory organ, face, and ears, and in the oral cavity and throat. The causative virus has been shown to be present in the cell organic structures of the facial nervus in individuals who do non hold blisters. It is this reservoir of latent virus that is the beginning of perennial onslaughts. Except for lotions to alleviate hurting, itchiness, or redness, no established treatmemt has really been developed. The 2nd type of the herpes simplex virus, nevertheless, is the usual cause of genital herpes. Herpes infections of the venereal country have become progressively # 8220 ; Herpes, # 8221 ; page 2 common, traveling along with a rise in general of many sexually familial diseases. Somet imes accompanied by concern and febrility, the status normally begins with a mild itchiness, followed by the development of bunchs of blisters that break and crust to organize strikebreakers that finally dry up. The procedure may last one to three hebdomads. In many instances new bunchs of blisters appear as others heal. When a babe is born to a adult female who has active venereal herpes lesions, the baby is at high hazard of undertaking an infection that is frequently fatal, so these adult females normally have their babes delivered by a cesarean subdivision. Primary instances of venereal herpes can be treated by a drug called Zovirax, which was approved in 1982 and in another signifier, that is to be taken orally instead than used in an ointment signifier, in 1984. It besides has been turn outing utile against recurrent onslaughts. The virus can besides occupy the cardinal nervous system, or CNS, particularly in people who are weakened by other diseases, such as malignant neoplastic disease, doing a terrible instance of phrenitis. Early intervention of herpetic phrenitis with the drug Zovirax can forestall decease and encephalon harm in many instances. How can herpes be prevented? Because the disease is transmitted most frequently through bodily fluids, the simpliest protection is to merely protect yourself. During # 8220 ; Herpes, # 8221 ; page 3 sex, one of the spouses should decidedly be have oning a rubber, and that entirely will greatly cut down an single # 8217 ; s opportunities of geting the virus of herpes-simplex type-2.